National Marine Mammal Laboratory

7. Mortality, Disturbances, and Injurious Influences

7.A General

7.B Mortality studies

Early mortality in fur seals according to sex (Niggol, 1960)
Method of determining natural mortality in northern fur seals from known pups and kill by age and sex (Lander,1975)
Investigation of death losses in fur seal pups on St. Paul (Doyle,1957)
Research in Fur Seal Mortality, St. Paul, 1962,’63,’64,’65 (Keyes)
Mortality among fur seal pups (Keyes, 1962)
Mortality in the northern fur seal (Williams, 1979)
Measures of mortality of fur seal pups on the Pribilof Isls.: Important to management - NWFC Monthly Report (Feb. 1972)
Veterinary research, St. Paul 1966, 1967 Report on mortality in fur seals (Spencer, 1964)
Mortality of newborn fur seals on the Pribilofs and its importance to management (Keyes, 1975)
Preliminary analysis of early natural mortality in recent year classes of St. Paul fur seals (Lander, 1975)

7.C Physical accidents

7.C.00 On land

Plastic litter on the beaches of a remote island in the N. Pacific (Merrell, 1978)

The feeding of starving seal pups (Wilke and Banner, 1941)

7.C.01 At sea

Approximating natural mortality in male AK fur seals through ages of harvest without tagging

Role of ocean mortality in yield of AK fur seals (Lander, 1977)

Fur Seal Data Workshop Report - U.S. text

Winter (cold) kill at sea 1949-1950

7.C.02 Entanglement/Debris

Investigation on entanglement in net fragments, plastic bands and other debris in 1981 and 1982, St. Paul (Scordino, Fisher, 1983)

Entanglement of fur seals in net fragments and other debris 1975-1983 (NPFSC secretary’s correspondence collection)

Research report on fur seal net entanglement: experimental research at a rearing pen (1983)

Fur seal entanglement survey report: test study at a breeding facility (1983)

The problem of fur seal entanglement in nets and plastic bands (Yoshida, Baba, 1983)

Evaluation of the role of entanglement in population dynamics of northern fur seals on the Pribilof Isls. (Fowler)

Gear loss at sea

Statutory and treaty authorities pertinent to entanglement by discarded fishing gear

Results of studies of trawl nets collected on Breeding Isl. during breeding season 1982 (Yoshida, Baba, Yajima)

Workshop on the fate and impact of marine debris: executive summary

Effect of net entanglement on drag and power output of swimming sea lions (Feldkamp, 1983)

Entanglement as an explanation fro the decline in northern fur seals of the Pribilof Isls. (Fowler, 1982)

Assessment and mitigation of north Pacific fur seals and other marine mammal mortality due to entanglement on lost or discarded fishing gear and other debris in the N. Pacific (1983)

On the effects of fishing net scraps and other oceanic debris on northern fur seals (Sanger, 1974)

7.C.03 Incidental take

Estimated mortality of seabirds, fur seals, sea lions and porpoises in Japanese salmon gillnet fisheries in the eastern Bering Sea trawl fishery (1973)

Interactions of fur seals and fishing operations off British Columbia (Bigg, 1976)

Incidence of marine mammal mortality due to fishing operations (1976)

Closed fishing areas and fur seals (Kajimura, 1976)

Incidental take of northern fur seals in Japanese salmon gillnets in the N. Pacific, 1980 (Jones)

Interactions of northern fur seals and commercial fisheries (Fowler, 1982)

7.D Predation (mainly sea lions and killer whales)

Predation by seal lions on northern fur seals (1976)

7.E Microorganisms, algae and epizoa

7.E.00 General year summary report 1977 –

Naturally occurring diseases of northern fur seals (Naval Biomedical Research Lab.)

Annual Progress Report July-Aug. 1975 (See above)

7.E.01 Viruses (mainly Leptospira)

7.E.02 Bacteria (mainly Pasteurella, Mycoplasma)

7.E.03 Fungi (mainly mange)

7.E.04 Algae

7.E.05 Barnacles

7.F Parasites and parasitism (See also Mortality Studies)

7.F.00 General

Interactions of parasitic arthropods and northern fur seals (Kim, 1983)

7.F.01 Flukes (Trematoda)

7.F.02 Tape worms (Cestoda)

7.F.03 Roundworms (Nemathelminthes)

7.F.03.A General

7.F.03.B Ascarid worms (Ascaridae)

7.F.03.C Filaroid worms (Onchocercidae)

7.F.03.D Hookworms (Ancylostomatidae)

Hookworms in AK fur seals: investigations of mortality on St. Paul, 1949 (Scheffer and Kenyon)

Hookworm diseases of fur seals (Olsen, ’51-‘55,’59, ’60)

Hookworm diseases of fur seals (Dixon&Stiles, ’61, ’62)

Clinical observation on three northern fur seal pups treated with dichlorvos

7.F.04 Thorny – headed worms (Acanthocephala)

7.F.05 Mites (Halarachnidae)

7.F.06 Lice (Anoplura)

Ecology and life history of sucking lice of northern fur seals (Kim, 1969)

7.G Pollution (mostly oil)

7.G.00 General

Potential effects of proposed OCS lease sale 89 on fur seals (1985)

Presidential message to Congress (1970)

Ryuyu Maru oil spill, 1979

Effect of oil pollution on marine mammals (Kenyon, 1971)

Marine Pollution Bulletin- index to issues 1-18

7.G.01 Alaska pipeline

Potential effects of an oil spill on marine mammals of the pacific and inside waters of the east coast (Harry, 1971)

Environmental statement (1970)

Status of marine mammals in the Eastern Pacific (Kenyon, 1971)

Preliminary draft EIS

7.G.02 Santa Barbara oil spill

Effects of Santa Barbara oil seep on birds, mammals and other life (Roppel, 1969)

California sea lion mortality on an oiled NW beach (San Miguel, 1969) (Delong)

7.H Poisoning

7.H.00 General (includes pesticides, mercury, lead, and others)

Epizootic of apparent toxicosis in adult female fur seals off the WA and OR coast in Spring of 1980 (Keyes, Scordino, 1981)

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the tissues of northern fur seals from St. Paul (Calambokidis, Peard, 1982)

7.H.01 Pesticides

7.H.02 Mercury

Mercury >> 1970

Mercury 1971>>

Preliminary data on mercury contents in parts of body and tissue of fur seals – USSR 1971

Clippings and Reports

For additional information, please send e-mail to NMML Librarian.